Anguilla 
Antigua and Barbuda 
Grenada 
Bahamas 
Barbados 
Belize 
Dominica 
Guyana 
Haiti 
Jamaica 
Montserrat 
St. Kitts and Nevis 
St. Lucia 
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 
Suriname 
Trinidad and Tobago 
Turks and Caicos 
An Assessment of the Reproductive Activity of Queen Conch (Aliger gigas) in Captive and Wild Populations in the Discovery Bay Special Fishery Conservation Area, Jamaica
An Assessment of the Reproductive Activity of Queen Conch (Aliger gigas) in Captive and Wild Populations in the Discovery Bay Special Fishery Conservation Area, Jamaica
Shanna- Lee Thomas1, Camilo Trench1, Dale Webber2, and Mona Webber3
Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica1;
Centre for Marine Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica2;
Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica3
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ABSTRACT
Jamaica’s Queen conch closed-season is based on a temperature-influenced annual spawning activity derived using data from other Caribbean countries. No reproductive and spawning season determination had previously been done for Jamaica. With rising sea surface temperatures and increasing temperature variability across the region, it may be necessary to revise annual closed seasons. Our study therefore sought to design assessments of conch reproductive activity in relation to sea temperatures. Adult Queen conch (mean lip thickness 16.9 mm) were tagged and stocked at a ratio of 2:3 males to females in 50m2 pens in substrate consisting of seagrass, rubble and coarse sand within the Discovery Bay Fish Sanctuary. These were observed for 7 months in 2022 to indicate densities and temperatures at which spawning occurred. Prior to stocking, conch abundance surveys were conducted between July and August 2020 at six sites in the bay and these were repeated at the end of the stocking experiment in November 2022. Data collected from the penned conch included the number of occurrences of mating, pairing and spawning, the presence of egg masses, and temperature for both captive and wild conch (found adjacent to the pens). Conch displayed 8 occasions of spawning (one female spawning 5 times) with 2 occasions of pairing and 1 mating occasion. Peak spawning activity was recorded in August and September, with maximum sea water temperature of 30.65°C. Mean temperatures across Jamaica’s north coast showed an increase between May to October, and decreased thereafter. Conch abundance surveys conducted in 2021 and 2022 in the bay indicated densities of 10.1 ha-1 and 7.5 ha-1 respectively with populations dominated by juveniles and sub-adults. The protocols developed in Discovery Bay will be expanded to other areas around Jamaica with the expectation that these findings will help inform measures to manage conch stocks in Jamaica’s SFCAs towards sustainable harvesting in nearby fishing grounds.
HOW TO CITE: Thomas, S-L., C. Trench, D. Webber and M. Webber, 2026. An Assessment of the Reproductive Activity of Queen Conch (Aliger gigas) in Captive and Wild Populations in the Discovery Bay Special Fishery Conservation Area, Jamaica. Contribution 6.3, p399-413 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=933
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Sustainable Harvesting of Commercial Species in the Belize Exclusive Economic Zone
Sustainable Harvesting of Commercial Species in the Belize Exclusive Economic Zone
Silvana N. R. Birchenough, Andria Rosado, and Arlene Young *
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,
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas
ABSTRACT
The Caribbean region is widely recognised to be a hot spot for marine biodiversity. The area hosts a wide range of habitats and species of conservation and fisheries importance. The main and most economically important fisheries in the area concentrates on spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) and queen conch (Strombus gigas). These species are key to sustaining sources of protein intake, livelihoods, and economic trade for local Caribbean communities. These two species have fluctuated throughout the years and their distribution has remained in similar quantities in landings since 2005. The queen conch peaked in 2012 following high sample density and increasing shell length, whilst the spiny lobster has generally remained stable in terms of landings. However, there are limited datasets across some years, which have created gaps in the current assessments. The general concept of effort was described by the number of fishing days, which has generally increased from 1990 to 2011. The rate of change in effort from 2006 to 2011 was mirrored by that in queen conch landings, but these values were inverse when compared to the spiny lobster landings, due to limited distribution of conch resulting from over exploitation. The country’s new government and new ministries have enacted new legislation and new opportunities to continue to explore and protect queen conch and spiny lobster, whether by a remit for Marine Protected Areas (MPA) or under dedicated Nature-based Solutions (NBS) approaches. The need to acquire data and fast evidence to support these stocks under a changing climate (including ocean acidification) is of interest. A recent effort has called for an informed and participative compilation of a stakeholder-supported strategy. A solid management plan has been developed and implemented to support management and conservation in the face of climate change. This presentation showcases options to support management and conservation decisions over a robust stakeholder participation with active and transparent discussions, workshops and activities.
HOW TO CITE: Birchenough, S.N.R., A. Rosado, and A. Young, 2026. Sustainable Harvesting of Commercial Species in the Belize Exclusive Economic Zone. Contribution 6.2, p398 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=932
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Historical Local and Traditional Knowledge and Key Messages for Present-Day Holistic Fisheries Management – An Example from Haiti
Historical Local and Traditional Knowledge and Key Messages for Present-Day Holistic Fisheries Management – An Example from Haiti
Susan Singh-Renton1, Wilner Romain2, Sherry Constantine3, and Bruce Lauckner4
PO Box 10, Layou, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Tel: +1784 533 7621,
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1
49, Rue Palestine, Delmas 75, Haiti. Tel: +509 3403 8455
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2
Monier, Gros-Islet, Saint Lucia, Tel: +1758 484 2655
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3
44 White Drive, Five Rivers, Aruca, Trinidad and Tobago.
Tel: +1868 642 4129 / +1868 221 6654 Cell/WhatsApp: +1868 707 1660.
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4
ABSTRACT
A sample-based fisher interview survey throughout Haiti during 2002-04 provides comprehensive characterisation of Haiti’s marine capture fisheries sector, information about fisheries performance and fishers’ views/perceptions about management needs. The major resource types targeted by fishers were: reef fish (95%), small coastal pelagics (81%), lobster (43%), large pelagics (28%), and conch (27%). These target species also had good catch value. Over 88% of fishers fished to feed their families and targeted several resource types opportunistically. Catches were destined mainly for local use, although lobster was identified as a priority species for export. Decreases over time were reported for catch amount, catch size caught, and numbers caught for the main resource types. This was mainly due to heavy fishing, as well as adverse weather and environmental conditions. Fishers were knowledgeable and logical-minded, noting the importance of controlling fish sizes harvested, introducing closed seasons, and protecting spawning areas. The harvest and post-harvest practices provide insight about social resilience capacity of community level arrangements, which should continue to play a role in present-day initiatives for post-COVID recovery and the blue economy. Fishers expressed strong confidence in their capacity for conflict resolution and for supporting sustainable development of the industry, via: strengthening of fisher cooperation; cooperation with industry managers with regard to fisher education, innovation ideas; and improved industry controls. This provides a strong incentive for advancing a community/ co-management approach to fisheries management, especially considering Haiti’s extensive coastline and numerous coastal fishing communities. The co-management approach is encouraged also as a medium for preparing the coastal fishing communities to cope with the impacts of climate change.
HOW TO CITE: Singh-Renton, S., W. Romain, S. Constantine And B. Lauckner, 2026. Historical Local and Traditional Knowledge and Key Messages for Present-Day Holistic Fisheries Management – An Example from Haiti. Contribution 6.1, p385-397 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=931
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Outlook and Key Considerations for Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture Development in CARICOM
Outlook and Key Considerations for Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture Development in CARICOM
Samia Sarkis, Yvette DieiOuadi, and Eric Wade
SubRegional Office of Latin America and the Caribbean, Barbados
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ABSTRACT
The most recent study led by FAO and facilitated by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM was conducted in 2022, which provided a synopsis of the aquaculture sector in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member countries, the challenges in expanding and diversifying the sector, and actions-oriented recommendations. With an overwhelming response rate, this very informative study reported that the majority of aquaculture production is concentrated in Jamaica, Belize, Haiti and Guyana. The total production for CARICOM countries was 3 402 metric tons in 2020 (FishStatJ, 2022), valued at 13 305 000 USD. Almost ¾ of the aquaculture production in the CARICOM countries focused on freshwater species (70%) in 2020; brackish aquaculture accounts for approximately ¼ of total aquaculture production (26 %) and marine aquaculture operations for less than 5 percent of total production. This sector is therefore at its infancy. Key validated findings of this study were the lack of infrastructure, available technology, level of appropriate skill set, and investment, considered main limitations in obtaining reliable seed supply, affordable feed supply and in developing aquaculture in CARICOM. Additional challenges faced by Small Island Developing States SIDS included limited expertise, high production costs, poor seed supplies, and extreme and destructive weather events. Furthermore, access to financial resources is a challenge for this relatively new industry in the Caribbean. Four key points were identified as the way forward by CARICOM countries: 1. Reducing the reliance of CARICOM countries on imported seed and feed supplies, 2. Diversifying aquaculture production in line with environmental sustainability, 3. The need for a regulatory aquaculture framework, and 4. Increase investments in aquaculture. This complements a regional review of the sector in Latin America and the Caribbean, which study suggested that the industry required better governance, the adoption of adequate technologies and best practices,as well as increased efforts for environmental sustainability, and foresight to deal with climate and market changes. One promising approach to promote sustainable commercial aquaculture in CARICOM developed following this FAO/CRFM study is the recently launched Digital Aquaculture Library in 2023. This comprehensive online platform serves as a registry for regulators, managers, aquaculturists, and funding agencies in the Caribbean region. It facilitates the exchange of valuable information among CARICOM countries and other Caribbean states, enabling stakeholders to share insights, best practices, and lessons learned. The Digital Aquaculture Library also helps CARICOM countries gain knowledge from successful aquaculture practices in other regions and apply it to their own contexts. It also facilitates training programs and the transfer of technical know-how to develop human resources and technical capacity. The library provides access to educational materials, workshops, and expert guidance, empowering aquaculturists to enhance their skills and contribute to sustainable development. Additionally, it connects funding agencies with aquaculture projects, attracting investments and promoting collaboration between the private and public sectors. The platform encourages regional collaboration and resource pooling to build necessary infrastructure, such as shared facilities, research centres, and technology transfer hubs. Overall, the Digital Aquaculture Library represents an essential tool for CARICOM member states to overcome challenges and barriers, promote sustainable aquaculture, and drive growth in the region, ultimately contributing to the development of a resilient and thriving aquaculture industry in the Caribbean.
HOW TO CITE: Sarkis, S., Y. Diei Ouadi, and E. Wade, 2026. Outlook and Key Considerations for Sustainable Commercial Aquaculture Development in CARICOM. Contribution 5.6, p371-384 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=930
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Evaluating the outcomes of selective breeding in optimizing the growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) for commercial production in the Bahamas
Evaluating the outcomes of selective breeding in optimizing the growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) for commercial production in the Bahamas
Mia C. Avril and John Reid
Cape Eleuthera Island School This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ,
Aquasafra Inc. & Waterfield Technologies, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) is the second most farmed fish globally and is the most introduced aquaculture species. Different strains of tilapia have been developed through selective breeding programs over the years to optimize its three main performance traits: growth rate, hardiness, and marketability. Of all the strains developed, one of the most popular is the red hybrid tilapia (O. urolepis female was crossed with a red-gold male O. mossambicus), which was developed to improve the aforementioned traits under commercial production conditions. A strain of the O. aureus crossed with O. niloticus tilapia with a white colour was also developed to optimize both growth and marketability. This comparative study assessed the growth potential of two tilapia strains (red hybrid, and O. niloticus X O. aureus White hybrid) in a recirculating aquaponics system in the Bahamas. Tanks were established with fry of each strain, starting off at roughly 5 grams. Fish were fed 5% of their body weight daily using commercial tilapia starter feed (40% protein). The fish weight was monitored, and feed conversion ratios were calculated on a weekly basis for the duration of the study period. The results indicated that for all the parameters measured, the O. aureus X O. niloticus strain showed more favourable growth under prevailing Bahamian climate than the red hybrid tilapia. It can therefore be concluded that farmers in the Bahamas and in similar climatic regions should consider the O. niloticus as a strain of economic significance for cultivation.
HOW TO CITE: Avril, M.C. and J. Reid, 2026. Evaluating the outcomes of selective breeding in optimizing the growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) for commercial production in the Bahamas. Contribution 5.5, 359-370 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=929
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Investigating the Effectiveness of Three Different Growing Methods for Seamoss Farming in Saint Lucia
Investigating the Effectiveness of Three Different Growing Methods for Seamoss Farming in Saint Lucia
Makeba B. Felix
Fisheries Biologist Department of Fisheries, Castries, Saint Lucia
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ABSTRACT
Seamoss is a common marine macroalgae found globally, that has been cultivated in Saint Lucia for decades. Recently, seamoss production in Saint Lucia has increased significantly, fueled by increased global demand. This is reflected in the price increase of seamoss after 2019 when more people joined the sector owing to job loss on account of the COVID-19 pandemic. The increased production of seamoss has been beneficial to the economic sector in Saint Lucia and may have contributed to the country’s coastal blue carbon store. Increased loss of planting material occasioned by unfavourable weather and sea conditions influenced an investigation into determining the most effective growing methods for seamoss farming in Saint Lucia. Test plots were set established at various locations using three growing methods, namely: a biodegradable tube net, a plastic tube net, and the traditional plastic monoline. The rate of growth of the seamoss and the substrate material’s durability were monitored and compared across the three growing methods. The traditional monoline method proved to be effective as it allowed for the continued growth of the propagule, by promoting the free movement of nutrients and sediments off the plants. However, the plastic tube net, was the most successful growing method since it retained the most propagules during periods of rough seas and had the highest overall growth rate.
HOW TO CITE: Felix, M.B., 2026. Different Growing Methods for Seamoss Farming in Saint Lucia. Contribution 5.4, p347-358 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=928
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Restorative Aquaculture: How Commercially Important Sea Urchins Can Aid in Coral Reef Recovery
Restorative Aquaculture: How Commercially Important Sea Urchins Can Aid in Coral Reef Recovery
Stacey Williams
Institute for Socio-Ecological Research, Puerto Rico
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ABSTRACT
Sea urchins are commercially important as their gonads, also known as roe or uni, are considered a delicacy in many countries. However, sea urchins also play an important ecological role as they are the main herbivores in marine habitats. Herbivores are essential on coral reefs as they control the abundance of benthic algae, which would otherwise outcompete corals and other benthic organisms for space. Currently, many Caribbean coral reefs lack herbivores and are dominated by macroalgae and a dangerous encrusting alga, Ramicrusta spp. The Institute for Socio-Ecological Research (ISER) has developed a novel approach in improving coral reefs by enhancing sea urchin populations in Puerto Rico through restorative aquaculture techniques. ISER is executing two different techniques to produce urchins for restoration purposes. Post larval settlers of the long spined sea urchin, Diadema antillarum, are collected from the field, brought back to the laboratory, and grown to a young adult size. Recently, we developed a small scale hatchery and have been closing the life cycle of the West Indian sea urchin, Tripneustes ventricosus, in the laboratory. More than 5,500 lab-reared D. antillarum and more than 300 T. ventricosus, have been restocked to coral reefs all around Puerto Rico. Significant changes in the benthic structure were observed during the first week after the restocking. Significant reductions of fleshy macroalgae (Dictyota spp.) and thick turf algal/sediment mats (TAS), both unsuitable substrates (e.g., coral settlement), contributed to this change. Additionally, preliminary observations show that coral outplants have a higher chance of surviving when herbivores are present because they do not need to compete for space against cyanobacteria and macroalgae. Our work shows that producing sea urchins through aquaculture techniques provides direct ecological benefits to coral reefs and should be integrated in all coral restoration plans.
HOW TO CITE: Williams S.M, 2026. Restorative Aquaculture: How Commercially Important Sea Urchins Can Aid in Coral Reef Recovery. Contribution 5.3, p346 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=927
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Looking Back Before Moving Forward: Learning From History to Develop Aquaculture and Mariculture in Barbados
Looking Back Before Moving Forward: Learning From History to Develop Aquaculture and Mariculture in Barbados
Christopher Parker and Colvin Taylor
Barbados Fisheries Division. Ministry of the Environment and National Beautification, Princess Alice Highway, Bridgetown, Barbados
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ABSTRACT
To meet local demands, Barbados currently imports much more fish and fish products than it produces. In recent years this disparity has worsened by the significant reduction in catches of flyingfish and dolphinfish resulting from the mass influxes of Sargassum spp. into traditional fishing grounds. Against this background, the Barbados Fisheries Policy (BFP) 2023-2033 requires Government to support the contribution of sustainable aquaculture to economic growth, food security and income diversification. At this juncture, it is prudent to critically review and assess the island’s past aquaculture and mariculture ventures with the objective of discerning any lessons learnt and applying these to the formulation of sound policies and plans for the development and management of vi–able and sustainable aquaculture and mariculture in Barbados. This is the main objective of this paper. Scarcity of available land and water resources significantly limits opportunities for large-scale, land-based aquaculture ventures in Barbados. As such, the island’s few commercial-scale ventures have necessarily utilized Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). However, most of these businesses have not been sustainably profitable for various reasons, with most not progressing beyond the pilot-phase. Small-scale “backyard” ventures often rearing primarily Tilapia in small tanks as well as in aquaponics arrays, have emerged as the predominant forms of aquaculture on the island. Options for mariculture are also constrained by the island’s densely populated land area and limited and crowded coastline. It is emphasized that it is the duty of government through cogent legislation to ensure that all aquaculture and mariculture ventures are financially sustainable and redound to the benefit of Barbados without damaging the environment. To this end, a new policy framework for aquaculture and mariculture and regulations were approved by Cabinet on 9th June 2023. Regular consultation with stakeholder experts is necessary for implementation and to chart the way forward for the sector.
HOW TO CITE: Parker, C. and C. Taylor, 2026. Looking Back Before Moving Forward: Learning From History to Develop Aquaculture and Mariculture in Barbados. Contribution 5.2, p331-345 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariathttps://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=926
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A Bioeconomic Approach for Sea Cucumber Mariculture in the Caribbean
A Bioeconomic Approach for Sea Cucumber Mariculture in the Caribbean
Ricardo Anthony Morris
Caribbean Aquaculture Education and Innovation Hub
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ABSTRACT
The downturn of the lucrative multi-species sea cucumber trade in the Asian market has in the last decade led to an increase in fishing pressure in other regions where the fishery previously did not exist. This has led to an increased threat of unsustainable fishing, overexploitation of stocks, loss of biodiversity, negative ecological impacts, and the destabilization of sensitive ecosystems and coastal communities targeting these species. All these impacts have been realized in the Latin America and Caribbean region including Jamaica, whose management has been slow or unresponsive in adapting to the sudden demand for the species. On the other hand, this demand and high prices for the species present several opportunities including for aquaculture and mariculture which can provide economic benefits, supplement already overexploited fisheries, and contribute to the restoration and resilience of coastal ecosystems to climate change impacts. A bioeconomic approach to investigation and then implementation of sea cucumber mariculture can provide an inefficient means of optimizing ocean space, inputs (costs), economic benefit, and ecological contribution. This is given that space and cost are major limitations to aquaculture and mariculture development in small island states like those in the Caribbean. The approach involves an initial experimental mariculture phase where wild seeds (juveniles) are collected and kept in identical enclosures on the seabed in different densities and habitat conditions. Over time, biological indicators such as ambient conditions, mortality, and growth, are monitored along with applicable costs which could include feed, security, lease arrangements, etc. Following this monitoring period, a bioeconomic assessment is conducted to determine the optimum harvest time and harvest size for the targeted market along with the different density habitat conditions. The results are expected to provide critical management and policy development information, with the potential for being scaled up, about the viability of sea cucumber mariculture as a business in conditions specific to the Caribbean.
HOW TO CITE: Morris, R.A., 2026.A Bioeconomic Approach for Sea Cucumber Mariculture in the Caribbean. Contribution 5.1, p330 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=925
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Reflections on a Collaborative Program to Build Capacity in the Caribbean Fisheries Resource Management Sector
Reflections on a Collaborative Program to Build Capacity in the Caribbean Fisheries Resource Management Sector
Nancy Montes* and Charles Sidman
Florida Sea Grant, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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ABSTRACT
Capacity development, a process by which an organization or institution strives to improve the skills of its professional staff, is often cited as a priority for strengthening fisheries and ocean management in developing regions, including the Caribbean. Needs span the disciplines of social, physical, and environmental sciences and include topics related to aquaculture development; marine spatial planning; data collection and analysis; geo-spatial technologies; and fisheries stock assessment (Montes and Sidman, 2019). These skills may be imparted to staff on-the-job and/or through participation in professional trainings, typically provided through partnerships among governments, regional institutions, and international organizations. Trainings are often of short-duration and provide participants with basic knowledge and exposure to needs-related concepts. Extended learning opportunities that provide cultural exchange, knowledge sharing, and incorporate user-defined projects can equip participants with greater expertise and added confidence to apply the knowledge gained, given sufficient support from their organizations or institutions. During the past decade, the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) has prioritized capacity building, in part, through its support of a training program for fisheries management professionals at the University of Florida, undertaken through a cooperative agreement with Florida Sea Grant (FSG). This program has also benefited from the sponsorship of professional organizations, such as the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI). The evolution of this capacity-building program from on-site to virtual learning platforms – made necessary in response to COVID-19 – is evaluated through a survey of former program participants. The paper explores the reach of the training program throughout the Gulf and Caribbean regions; the motivations that drive program participation; the ways in which learned skills are being applied; the personal and professional benefits that have accrued to former participants; and future training opportunities.
HOW TO CITE: Montes, N. and C. Sidman, 2026. Reflections on a Collaborative Program to Build Capacity in the Caribbean Fisheries Resource Management Sector. Contribution 4.4, p320-329 IN CRFM, 2026. Volume I: Technical Papers. Presented at the CRFM 20th Anniversary Scientific Conference, 28-31 August 2023. CRFM Special Publication No. 37, CRFM Secretariat https://www.crfm.int/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=924
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